TYPES OF RISK IN FINANCE

Types of Risk

First let's revise the simple meaning of two words, viz., Types and Risk.
In general and in context of this finance-related article,

1. Types mean different classes or various forms / kinds of something or someone.
2. Risk implies the extend to which any chosen action or an inaction that may lead to a loss or some unwanted outcome. The notion implies that a choice may have an influence on the outcome that exists or has existed.

However, in financial management, risk relates to any material loss attached to the project that may affect the productivity, tenure, legal issues, etc. of the project.
In finance, different types of risk can be classified under two main groups, viz.,

1. Systematic risk.
2. Unsystematic risk.

Two main groups under which types of risk are classified is depicted below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Now let's discuss the simple meaning of systematic and unsystematic risk.
Systematic risk is uncontrollable by an organization and macro in nature.
Unsystematic risk is controllable by an organization and micro in nature.

Systematic Risk

Systematic risk is due to the influence of external factors on an organization. Such factors are normally uncontrollable from an organization's point of view.
Systematic risk is a macro in nature as it affects a large number of organizations operating under a similar stream or same domain. It cannot be planned by the organization.
Types of risk under the group of systematic risk are listed as follows:

1. Interest rate risk.
2. Market risk.
3. Purchasing power or Inflationary risk.

The types of risk grouped under systematic risk are depicted below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Now let's discuss each risk classified under the group of systematic risk.

1. Interest rate risk

Interest-rate risk arises due to variability in the interest rates from time to time. It particularly affects debt securities as they carry the fixed rate of interest.
The interest-rate risk is further classified into following types.

1. Price risk.
2. Reinvestment rate risk.

The types of interest-rate risk are depicted below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
The meaning of various types of interest-rate risk is discussed below.
Price risk arises due to the possibility that the price of the shares, commodity, investment, etc. may decline or fall in the future.
Reinvestment rate risk results from fact that the interest or dividend earned from an investment can't be reinvested with the same rate of return as it was acquiring earlier.

2. Market risk

Market risk is associated with consistent fluctuations seen in the trading price of any particular shares or securities. That is, it is a risk that arises due to rise or fall in the trading price of listed shares or securities in the stock market.
The market risk is further classified into following types.

1. Absolute risk.
2. Relative risk.
3. Directional risk.
4. Non-directional risk.
5. Basis risk.
6. Volatility risk.

The types of market risk are depicted in the following diagram.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
The meaning of different types of market risk is briefly discussed below.
Absolute Risk is the risk without any content. For e.g., if a coin is tossed, there is fifty percentage chance of getting a head and vice-versa.
Relative risk is the assessment or evaluation of risk at different levels of business functions. For e.g. a relative risk from a foreign exchange fluctuation may be higher if the maximum sales accounted by an organization are of export sales.
Directional risks are those risks where the loss arises from an exposure to the particular assets of a market. For e.g. an investor holding some shares experience a loss when the market price of those shares falls down.
Non-Directional risk arises where the method of trading is not consistently followed by the trader. For e.g. the dealer will buy and sell the share simultaneously to mitigate the risk.
Basis risk is due to the possibility of loss arising from imperfectly matched risks. For e.g. the risks which are in offsetting positions in two related but non-identical markets.
Volatility risk is the risk of a change in the price of securities as a result of changes in the volatility of a risk factor. For e.g. volatility risk applies to the portfolios of derivative instruments, where the volatility of its underlying is a major influence of prices.

3. Purchasing power or inflationary risk

Purchasing power risk is also known as inflation risk. It is so, since it emanates (originates) from the fact that it affects a purchasing power adversely. It is not desirable to invest in securities during an inflationary period.
The purchasing power or inflationary risk is classified into following types.

1. Demand inflation risk.
2. Cost inflation risk.

The types of purchasing power or inflationary risk are depicted below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Demand inflation risk arises due to increase in price, which result from an excess of demand over supply. It occurs when supply fails to cope with the demand and hence cannot expand anymore. In other words, demand inflation occurs when production factors are under maximum utilization.
Cost inflation risk arises due to sustained increase in the prices of goods and services. It is actually caused by higher production cost. A high cost of production inflates the final price of finished goods consumed by people.

Unsystematic Risk

Unsystematic risk is due to the influence of internal factors prevailing within an organization. Such factors are normally controllable from an organization's point of view.
Unsystematic risk is a micro in nature as it affects only a particular organization. It can be planned, so that necessary actions can be taken by the organization to mitigate (reduce the effect of) the risk.
The types of risk grouped under unsystematic risk are depicted below.

1. Business or liquidity risk.
2. Financial or credit risk.
3. Operational risk.

The types of risk grouped under unsystematic risk are depicted below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Now let's discuss each risk classified under the group of unsystematic risk.

1. Business or liquidity risk

Business risk is also known as liquidity risk. It is so, since it emanates (originates) from the sale and purchase of securities affected by business cycles, technological changes, etc.
The business or liquidity risk is further classified into following types.

1. Asset liquidity risk.
2. Funding liquidity risk.

The types of business or liquidity risk are depicted and explained below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Asset liquidity risk is the risk of losses arising from an inability to sell or pledge assets at, or near, their carrying value when needed. For e.g. assets sold at a lesser value than their book value.
Funding liquidity risk is the risk of not having an access to sufficient funds to make a payment on time. For e.g. when commitments made to customers are not fulfilled as discussed in the SLA (service level agreements).

2. Financial or credit risk

Financial risk is also known as credit risk. This risk arises due to change in the capital structure of the organization. The capital structure mainly comprises of three ways by which funds are sourced for the projects.
These are as follows:

1. Owned funds. For e.g. share capital.
2. Borrowed funds. For e.g. loan funds.
3. Retained earnings. For e.g. reserve and surplus.

The financial or credit risk is further classified into following types.

1. Exchange rate risk.
2. Recovery rate risk.
3. Credit event risk.
4. Non-Directional risk.
5. Sovereign risk.
6. Settlement risk.

The types of financial or credit risk are depicted and explained below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Exchange rate risk is also called as exposure rate risk. It is a form of financial risk that arises from a potential change seen in the exchange rate of one country's currency in relation to another country's currency and vice-versa. For e.g. investors or businesses face an exchange rate risk either when they have assets or operations across national borders, or if they have loans or borrowings in a foreign currency.
Recovery rate risk is an often neglected aspect of a credit risk analysis. The recovery rate is normally needed to be evaluated. For e.g. the expected recovery rate of the funds tendered (given) as a loan to the customers by banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFC), etc.
Sovereign risk is the risk associated with the government. In such a risk, government is unable to meet its loan obligations, reneging (to break a promise) on loans it guarantees, etc.
Settlement risk is the risk when counterparty does not deliver a security or its value in cash as per the agreement of trade or business.

3. Operational risk

Operational risks are the business process risks failing due to human errors. This risk will change from industry to industry. It occurs due to breakdowns in the internal procedures, people, policies and systems.
The operational risk is further classified into following types.

1. Model risk.
2. People risk.
3. Legal risk.
4. Political risk.

The types of operational risk are depicted and explained below.

Image Credits © Moon Rodriguez.
Model risk is the risk involved in using various models to value financial securities. It is due to probability of loss resulting from the weaknesses in the financial model used in assessing and managing a risk.
People risk arises when people do not follow the organization’s procedures, practices and/or rules. That is, they deviate from their expected behavior.
Legal risk arises when parties are not lawfully competent to enter an agreement among themselves. Furthermore, this relates to regulatory risk, where a transaction could conflict with a government policy or particular legislation (law) might be amended in the future with retrospective effect.
Political risk is the risk that occurs due to changes in government policies. Such changes may have an unfavorable impact on an investor. This risk is especially prevalent in the third-world countries.

Conclusion on Types of Risk

So these are some basic types of risk seen in the world of finance. Click on the following diagram or image to get an enlarged, overall or a complete view on the types of risk in finance which we have discussed in this article.
Every organization must properly group the types of risk under two main broad categories, viz., systematic risk and unsystematic risk.
Systematic risk is uncontrollable, and the organization has to suffer from the same. However, an organization can reduce the impact of systematic risk, to a certain extent, by properly planning the risk attached to the project.
Unsystematic risk is controllable, and the organization shall try to mitigate the adverse consequences of the same by proper and prompt planning.